Linux LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Virtualization and Containerization 國際認可證書課程
課程簡稱：LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Training Course (Virtualization & Containerization)

你的 LPI Level 2 (LPIC-2) 證書到期了嗎? LPI 證書有效期為五年，如你的證書將到期限，與其要再考 Level 2 (LPIC-2) 考試，不如再進一步，考取最高等級的 LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) !!

如你已有 LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) 證書，無論 Level 2 (LPIC-2) 證書五年期限將至又或有興趣學習更多 Linux 知識，本課程均可提供多一個 LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) 的選擇。

隨著電腦技術及網絡的高速發展，現時商業對內及對外的運作大都是通過不同的電腦網絡服務去進行。為了應付大量的服務，如何有效的利用電腦資源便顯得愈來愈多重要。

虛擬技術（Virtualization）是一種電腦資源管理技術。它能將一台電腦上的各種實體資源（CPU、記憶體、磁盤空間 等等），予以分割再組合為多個虛擬電腦環境。用戶可以在每個虛擬電腦環境上安裝不同的作業系統或服務軟件，從而使電腦資源得到更有效的運用。

另外，現今雲端的服務大都是通過虛擬技術提供。因此了解虛擬技術，可以令你對使用雲端服務時有一定程度的幫助。

LPI 全名是 Linux Professional Institute，是一個來自加拿大的非牟利 Linux 專業團體。由於 LPI 的考試費用較為合理，考試制度及內容亦較齊全，所以 LPI 的考試制度會比其他 Linux 考試制度更適合香港的實際環境，而我們亦預計會有越來越多人選擇考 LPI 的考試。

LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Virtualization and Containerization 認證的內容包括兩種不同類型的虛擬技術：Hardware-based virtualization 及 Container-based virtualization。

這兩種虛擬技術分別是使用完全不同的背景技術去建立虛擬電腦環境，因此各有不同的優點及缺點。本課程除了詳細分析這兩種類型虛擬技術的原理及技術外，也會利用不同的新舊開源免費軟件如 KVM/QEMU, Xen, LXC 及 Docker 等去示範如何應用這兩種類型的虛擬技術。

此外，市面上也有不同的開源免費工具方便使用者去管理上述軟件所建立的虛擬電腦環境。除了會簡單介紹一些知名的工具外，本課程也會示範如何使用如 Libvirt、Vagrant、cloud-init、Packer 等管理工具。

本課程的部份示範更會配以可在家中進行之實習，從而令學員加深對不同技術的了解及基本設置的方法。修畢本課程後，學員可考取 LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Virtualization and Containerization 國際認可證書。

本課程籌備多時，精心編排。由上堂、溫習、實習、做試題、考試研習至最後考試，均為你度身訂造，作出有系統的編排。務求真正教識你，又令你考試及格。

只要你擁有有效的 LPIC-2 證書及於下列科目取得合格成績，便可獲 LPI 頒發 LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization 證書：

本中心為 LPI 指定的考試試場。報考時請致電本中心，登記欲報考之科目、考試日期及時間 (最快可即日報考)。考試費為 HK$1,640。臨考試前考生須出示身份證及繳付考試費。

考試題目由澳洲考試中心傳送到你要應考的電腦，考試時以電腦作答。所有考試題目均為英文，考試題目為單項選擇題或多項選擇題。作答完成後會立即出現成績報告，結果即考即知！考試不合格便可重新報考，不限次數。欲知道作答時間、題目總數、合格分數等詳細考試資料，可瀏覽本中心網頁 "各科考試分數資料"。

Virtualization Concepts and Theory

• Understand virtualization terminology
• Understand the pros and cons of virtualization
• Understand the various variations of Hypervisors and Virtual Machine Monitors
• Understand the major aspects of migrating physical to virtual machines
• Understand the major aspects of migrating virtual machines between host systems
• Understand the features and implications of virtualization for a virtual machine, such as snapshotting, pausing, cloning and resource limits
• Awareness of oVirt, Proxmox, systemd-machined and VirtualBox
• Awareness of Open vSwitch

Xen

• Understand architecture of Xen, including networking and storage
• Basic configuration of Xen nodes and domains
• Basic management of Xen nodes and domains
• Basic troubleshooting of Xen installations
• Awareness of XAPI
• Awareness of XenStore
• Awareness of Xen Boot Parameters
• Awareness of the xm utility

QEMU

• Understand the architecture of QEMU, including KVM, networking and storage
• Start QEMU instances from the command line
• Manage snapshots using the QEMU monitor
• Install the QEMU Guest Agent and VirtIO device drivers
• Troubleshoot QEMU installations, including networking and storage
• Awareness of important QEMU configuration parameters

Libvirt Virtual Machine Management

• Understand the architecture of libvirt
• Manage libvirt connections and nodes
• Create and manage QEMU and Xen domains, including snapshots
• Manage and analyze resource consumption of domains
• Create and manage storage pools and volumes
• Create and manage virtual networks
• Migrate domains between nodes
• Understand how libvirt interacts with Xen and QEMU
• Understand how libvirt interacts with network services such as dnsmasq and radvd
• Understand libvirt XML configuration files
• Awareness of virtlogd and virtlockd

Virtual Machine Disk Image Management

• Understand features of various virtual disk image formats, such as raw images, qcow2 and VMDK
• Manage virtual machine disk images using qemu-img
• Mount partitions and access files contained in virtual machine disk images using libguestfish
• Copy physical disk content to a virtual machine disk image
• Migrate disk content between various virtual machine disk image formats
• Awareness of Open Virtualization Format (OVF)

Container Virtualization

• Understand the concepts of system and application container
• Understand and analyze kernel namespaces
• Understand and analyze control groups
• Understand and analyze capabilities
• Understand the role of seccomp, SELinux and AppArmor for container virtualization
• Understand how LXC and Docker leverage namespaces, cgroups, capabilities, seccomp and MAC
• Understand the principle of runc
• Understand the principle of CRI-O and containerd
• Awareness of the OCI runtime and image specifications
• Awareness of the Kubernetes Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
• Awareness of podman, buildah and skopeo
• Awareness of other container virtualization approaches in Linux and other free operating systems, such as rkt, OpenVZ, systemd-nspawn or BSD Jails

LXC

• Understand the architecture of LXC and LXD
• Manage LXC containers based on existing images using LXD, including networking and storage
• Configure LXC container properties
• Limit LXC container resource usage
• Use LXD profiles
• Understand LXC images
• Awareness of traditional LXC tools

Docker

• Understand the architecture and components of Docker
• Manage Docker containers by using images from a Docker registry
• Understand and manage images and volumes for Docker containers
• Understand and manage logging for Docker containers
• Understand and manage networking for Docker
• Use Dockerfiles to create container images
• Run a Docker registry using the registry Docker image

Container Orchestration Platforms

• Understand the relevance of container orchestration
• Understand the key concepts of Docker Compose and Docker Swarm
• Understand the key concepts of Kubernetes and Helm
• Awareness of OpenShift, Rancher and Mesosphere DC/OS

Cloud Management Tools

• Understand common offerings in public clouds
• Basic feature knowledge of OpenStack
• Basic feature knowledge of Terraform
• Awareness of CloudStack, Eucalyptus and OpenNebula

Packer

• Understand the functionality and features of Packer
• Create and maintain template files
• Build images from template files using different builders

cloud-init

• Understanding the features and concepts of cloud-init, including user-data, initializing and configuring cloud-init
• Use cloud-init to create, resize and mount file systems, configure user accounts, including login credentials such as SSH keys and install software packages from the distribution’s repository
• Integrate cloud-init into system images
• Use config drive datasource for testing

Vagrant

• Understand Vagrant architecture and concepts, including storage and networking
• Retrieve and use boxes from Atlas
• Create and run Vagrantfiles
• Access Vagrant virtual machines
• Share and synchronize folder between a Vagrant virtual machine and the host system
• Understand Vagrant provisioning, i.e. File and Shell provisioners
• Understand multi-machine setup

The course content above may change at any time without notice in order to better reflect the content of the examination.